Where the leads try to deduce everything and anything and they often end up in a deductive argument.

I just finished this drama: Don't Call It Mystery

It wasn't quite as thrilling as I hoped it would be, but compared to most dramas of this genre, it was pretty good. The cases were interesting enough, and the characters were decently-written and decently-acted. The ML is incredibly intelligent, observant, and he talk a lot. Most of the mysteries were solved through the dialogue. Not very many arguments though, as the ML is often right and most characters don't feel the need to refute his statements.

you will find this trope in pretty much any detective drama.

Some I truly loved and would highly recommend you are the following;

for korean dramas;
Nobody Knows
Stranger
Signal
Chip-In 
Watcher

for chinese  & taiwanese dramas;
A Murderious Affair in the Horizon Tower
The Burning River
Under the Skin
Burning Ice
Detective L
The Listener
When a snail falls in love 
The Victim's Game
Tiensten Mystic (this has fantasy elements in it, though the main focus in on solving cases that are interlinked) 

for japanese dramas;
Ishi no Mayu (and the sequels)
Siren



You could try

My Roommate is a Detective (Viki) 

Miss S (HBO Max)